Referencing guide

In marked assignments and research reports submitted to the Department of Management, you should use the Harvard system of referencing, which is set out below.

It is important to reference published material that you wish to use in your written work. Referencing is not only a standard that is used to avoid plagiarism; it also supports a strong scientific method. To build arguments and provide evidence you must reference any published resources you use. The spirit of referencing is embodied in Isaac Newton's famous 1676 quote, "If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.". It means that Newton's great discoveries were made by building on the previous work of scientists. This reference guide sets out how to reference other authors' work properly.

For each type of material you are referencing, including books, journal articles, newspapers and internet sites, this guide presents two parts, and how to write the full reference at the end of your work. The section at the end of the work should be called a reference section and only include those references cited in the essay. For the purposes of this guide these two sections will be called in-text referencing and the reference list format.

Paraphrasing and quoting are different. Quotations are direct transcriptions of text from other sources while paraphrasing uses your own words to express others' ideas. You should attempt to paraphrase where possible and only use quotations sparingly and strategically. Both paraphrasing and quoting require referencing, and quotations must refer to the page number from which they were taken, as in the Books section below.

Generic Format

The Harvard system has a generic format for in-text referencing and the reference list. While this guide provides a range of examples for books, articles, internet sources etc, the generic format below should be used where adaptation is necessary.

In-text

The basic in-text citation format is:

(Author Surname, Year)

If you refer to the authors within your text only the date is needed in your in-text citation.

If you quote directly from the text then include a page number in the in-text citation.

Author (year) or (Author, year)

e.g. Sillince (1996) or (Sillince, 1996)

In-text (direct quote)

Author (year: page number) or (Author, year: page number)

Reference list

Books

Author (Year) Title of book. Edition. Place published: Publisher

e.g.

Wilson, F. W. (2018) Organizational Behaviour and Work. 5^th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Articles

Author (Year) ‘Article title’. Journal Title, volume number (issue number): page numbers

e.g. Sillince, J.A.A. (1999) ‘The role of political language forms and language coherence in the organizational change process’. Organization Studies, 20 (3): 485-518.

Books

The following exemplifies several in-text references for books with one author, two authors, more than two authors, and authors cited by another author. When citing more than two authors, list all authors’ surnames the first time, then use et al. (see example; et al. is an abbreviated version of the Latin phrase et alii, which means “and others”). Note the different formats for the in-text referencing of paraphrasing and quotations (with page number) and the complete references in the reference list.

In-text

One author

The development of bureaucratisation in the UK was fundamentally different from that of the US. The Taylorist efficiency movement occurred in the US during an expansionary period while the same movement occurred in the UK during one of the worst ever recessions (Littler, 1982). Littler (1982) concludes that for these reasons the labour movements in the UK are fundamentally different from those in the US. These differences in capitalist development had important consequences, ‘This affected the pattern of resistance, and British capitalism still carries the scars of this historical conjuncture’ (Littler, 1982: 195).

Two authors

Managerial skills are a key focus for Whetton & Cameron’s (1991) introductory text.

Three or more authors

Smith, Child & Rowlinson’s (1990) case study of Cadbury’s Ltd revealed that the corporate culture’s resistance to change was diminished by the use of new concepts and symbols. The new vision embodied in the transformation was also facilitated by key change agents located strategically throughout the organisational structure (Smith, et al., 1990).

Author cited by other author: secondary sources

Haslam, Neale & Johal (2000) outline Porter’s (1980) industry structure analysis. It features five important forces; barriers to entry buyers, suppliers, substitutes, and intensity of rivalry (Porter, 1980, in Haslam, et al., (2000) cite Pharmaceutical giant Glaxo-Wellcome as particularly at risk of low-cost substitutes as drug patents expire.

Reference List

Alphabetically ordered list of references.

Haslam, C., Neale, A., & Johal, S. (2000) Economics in a Business Context 3^rd ed. London: Thompson Learning.

Littler, C.R. (1982) The Development of the Labour Process in Capitalist Societies. London: Heinemann.

Smith, C., Child, J., & Rowlinson, M. (1990) Reshaping Work: The Cadbury Experience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Whetton, D.A., & Cameron, K.S. (1991) Developing Management Skills 2^nd ed. New York: Harper Collins.

E-Books

In-text

For e-books the in-text citation follows the same rules as for a print book and should include author surname, year of publication (and page number where relevant).

(Fabozzi 2009)

Reference list

Include the web address of the e-book and the date you accessed it as well as the information you include in a print book reference

Author, Initials. (Year) Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher. Available at: URL (Accessed: date)

Fabozzi, F. J. (2009) Finance: capital markets, financial management, and investment management. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Available at:

http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=StAndrews&isbn=9780470486146 (Accessed: 27^th June 2010)

Where an ebook has been downloaded to a device where pagination is not given (e.g. on a kindle device or e-reader) use the section heading or chapter if available as a guide to locating your quotation.

Journal Articles

In-text

Broadbent, Jacobs, & Laughlin’s (1999) comparison of the organisational accountability of UK and New Zealand Schools reveals important distinctions. Broadbent, et al. (1999) discuss how management accounting in UK schools results in an individualistic focus in contrast to the socialising focus of an integrated financial accounting in New Zealand schools. An individualising focus may result in undermining ‘the capacity for communal action and alienate the organisational members from the activities that they are required to undertake’ (Broadbent, et al.,1999:358).

Reference list

Print journal

Broadbent, J. Jacobs, K. & Laughlin, R. (1999) ‘Comparing schools in the UK and New Zealand: Individualising and socialising accountabilities and some implications for management control’. Management Accounting Research, 10 (4):339-361.

Electronic journal

For electronic journals include the doi or URL of the article and the date you accessed it as well as the information you include for print journals

Referencing a webpage

In-text

Use the same in-text format as for other resources (Author surname, Year). If there is no individual author indicated on the webpage use the name of the organisation or publisher instead

Reference list

Author, Initials. (Year) Title of webpage. Available at: URL (Accessed: date)

Chartered Management Institute (2020) Inclusive Leadership. Available at https://www.managers.org.uk/~/media/files/pdf/insights/inclusive-leadership-discussion-paper.pdf (Accessed: 24 August 2021)

Other formats

Again, use the generic system when you encounter material to be referenced that does not fit clearly into the previous or following examples.

Newspapers

In-text

Use the same format as for books

(Mansell & Bloom, 2018)

If no author is found then use the full name of the newspaper and date

(The Times, 2018: 7)

Reference list

With authors

Mansell, W & Bloom, A. (2018) ‘£10,000 carrot to tempt physics experts’, The Guardian, 20 June: 5.

No author

The Times (2018) ‘Bank accounts’, 14 June: 7

If you are specifically using the online version of a newspaper then include the URL at the end of the reference and the date you accessed it.

Chapter in edited collection

In-text

Note that the author’s cited chapter is taken from pages 138 to 157 from Pollert’s Book, Farewell to Flexibility.

Smith’s (1991) examination of flexible specialisation focuses on production and consumption.

Reference list

Smith, C. (1991) ‘From 1960s’ Automation to Flexible Specialisation: A déjà vu of technical panaceas’. In A. Pollert (ed.) Farewell to Flexibility: Oxford: Blackwell, pp.138-157

Company or industry publication

In-text

Flexible work technologies are a key focus for British Telecom. BT has set up a consultancy unit that specializes in employing flexible working practices with respect to technology (British Telecom, 1999).

Reference list

British Telecom (1999) Annual Review and Summary Financial Statement. London: British Telecom.

If a report is available electronically include the URL and date you accessed it at the end of the reference.

MarketLine (2020) Mobile Phones in Europe. Available at: https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=buh&AN=142579139&site=ehost-live&authtype=sso&custid=s3011414 (Accessed: 12 December 2020)

Author with more than one publication in a year

In-text

Haslam, Williams, & Williams (1990a) is distinguished from Haslam, Williams, & Williams (1990b).

Reference list

Haslam, C., Williams, J., & Williams, K. (1990a) ‘The hollowing of British manufacturing’. Economy and Society, 19(4): 456-490.
Haslam, C., Williams, J., & Williams, K. (1990b) ‘Bad work practices and good management practices’. Business History Review, 64(4): 657-688.

Interviews and personal communication

Students are advised not to reference personal communication (e.g. lectures or meetings) unless as part of a submitted field research project with a relevant section on methods. Lecture material should be traced back to original sources.

In-text

One respondent believed that post modern research methods were indicated by the use of computers and quantitative algorithms with traditionally qualitative textual analysis (Innes, 2000).

Reference list

Innes, P. (2000) Interview, no.01, 22 March.